Data Format
Home Authors Magazines Oddments

Accented Character Trigraphs

As use of the FictionMags data format spread during the 1980s, there became more and more of a need to handle characters that did not exist in the normal 7-bit USASCII character set. While many of the required characters did exist in various 8-bit extensions of USASCII, the lack of consistency between these (and the limited support for them in text editors) made it necessary to invent a 7-bit representation that could be used to identify such characters in a clear and unambiguous way.

The approach taken was similar to that later adoped by Microsoft Word in that it used a three-character combination for each such character, consisting of an introductory character ('^') followed by two characters that visually suggested the character concerned (such that, for instance, ^e' was used for "e acute" and ^e` for "e grave"). The following table identifies all the trigraphs currently supported, together with:

Note that, where no trigraph exists for a character that is required, the Unicode value in the form &#nnnn; or &#xnnnn; as defined in the List of Unicode Characters should be used.

Trigraph Fallback Character Hex code Name Unicode value
Accented Latin Characters
^A' A Á c1 Capital Letter A Acute 00C1
^A) A Ă   Capital Letter A Breve 0102
^A^ A Â c2 Capital Letter A Circumflex 00C2
^A" A Ä 8e Capital Letter A Diaeresis 00C4
^A` A À c0 Capital Letter A Grave 00C0
^A_ A Ā   Capital Letter A Macron 0100
^A( A Ą   Capital Letter A Ogonek 0104
^A* A Å 8f Capital Letter A Ring 00C5
^A~ A Ã c3 Capital Letter A Tilde 00C3
^a' a á a0 Small Letter A Acute 00E1
^a) a ă   Small Letter A Breve 0103
^a^ a â 83 Small Letter A Circumflex 00E2
^a" a ä 84 Small Letter A Diaeresis 00E4
^a` a à 85 Small Letter A Grave 00E0
^a_ a ā   Small Letter A Macron 0101
^a( a ą   Small Letter A Ogonek 0105
^a* a å 86 Small Letter A Ring 00E5
^a~ a ã b5 Small Letter A Tilde 00E3
^C' C Ć   Capital Letter C Acute 0106
^Cv C Č ba Capital Letter C Caron 010C
^C, C Ç 80 Capital Letter C Cedilla 00C7
^C^ C Ĉ   Capital Letter C Circumflex 0108
^C. C Ċ   Capital Letter C Dot 010A
^c' c ć   Small Letter C Acute 0107
^cv c č ef Small Letter C Caron 010D
^c, c ç 87 Small Letter C Cedilla 00E7
^c^ c ĉ   Small Letter C Circumflex 0109
^c. c ċ   Small Letter C Dot 010B
^Dv D Ď   Capital Letter D Caron 010E
^D- D Đ d0 Capital Letter D Stroke 0110
^dv d ď   Small Letter D Caron 010F
^d- d đ   Small Letter D Stroke 0111
^E' E É 90 Capital Letter E Acute 00C9
^E) E Ĕ   Capital Letter E Breve 0114
^Ev E Ě   Capital Letter E Caron 011A
^E^ E Ê ca Capital Letter E Circumflex 00CA
^E" E Ë cb Capital Letter E Diaeresis 00CB
^E. E Ė   Capital Letter E Dot 0116
^E` E È c8 Capital Letter E Grave 00C8
^E_ E Ē   Capital Letter E Macron 0112
^E( E Ę   Capital Letter E Ogonek 0118
^E@ E Ẹ   Capital Letter E Dot Below 1EB8
^e' e é 82 Small Letter E Acute 00E9
^e) e ĕ   Small Letter E Breve 0115
^ev e ě   Small Letter E Caron 011B
^e^ e ê 88 Small Letter E Circumflex 00EA
^e" e ë 89 Small Letter E Diaeresis 00EB
^e. e ė   Small Letter E Dot 0117
^e` e è 8a Small Letter E Grave 00E8
^e_ e ē   Small Letter E Macron 0113
^e( e ę   Small Letter E Ogonek 0119
^e@ e ẹ   Small Letter E Dot Below 1EB9
^G) G Ğ   Capital Letter G Breve 011E
^G, G Ģ   Capital Letter G Cedilla 0122
^G^ G Ĝ   Capital Letter G Circumflex 011C
^G. G Ġ   Capital Letter G Dot 0120
^g) g ğ   Small Letter G Breve 011F
^g, g ģ   Small Letter G Cedilla 0123
^g^ g ĝ   Small Letter G Circumflex 011D
^g. g ġ   Small Letter G Dot 0121
^H^ H Ĥ   Capital Letter H Circumflex 0124
^H- H Ħ   Capital Letter H Stroke 0126
^h^ h ĥ   Small Letter H Circumflex 0125
^h- h ħ   Small Letter H Stroke 0127
^I' I Í cd Capital Letter I Acute 00CD
^I) I Ĭ   Capital Letter I Breve 012C
^I^ I Î ce Capital Letter I Circumflex 00CE
^I" I Ï cf Capital Letter I Diaeresis 00CF
^I. I İ   Capital Letter I Dot 0130
^I` I Ì cc Capital Letter I Grave 00CC
^I_ I Ī   Capital Letter I Macron 012A
^I( I Į   Capital Letter I Ogonek 012E
^I~ I Ĩ   Capital Letter I Tilde 0128
^i' i í a1 Small Letter I Acute 00ED
^i) i ĭ   Small Letter I Breve 012D
^i^ i î 8c Small Letter I Circumflex 00EE
^i" i ï 8b Small Letter I Diaeresis 00EF
^i` i ì 8d Small Letter I Grave 00EC
^i_ i ī   Small Letter I Macron 012B
^i( i į   Small Letter I Ogonek 012F
^i~ i ĩ   Small Letter I Tilde 0129
^J^ J Ĵ   Capital Letter J Circumflex 0134
^j^ j ĵ   Small Letter J Circumflex 0135
^K, K Ķ   Capital Letter K Cedilla 0136
^k, k ķ   Small Letter K Cedilla 0137
^L' L Ĺ   Capital Letter L Acute 0139
^Lv L Ľ   Capital Letter L Caron 013D
^L, L Ļ   Capital Letter L Cedilla 013B
^L/ L Ł f0 Capital Letter L Slash 0141
^l' l ĺ   Small Letter L Acute 013A
^lv l ľ   Small Letter L Caron 013E
^l, l ļ   Small Letter L Cedilla 013C
^l/ l ł f7 Small Letter L Slash 0142
^N' N Ń fb Capital Letter N Acute 0143
^Nv N Ň   Capital Letter N Caron 0147
^N, N Ņ   Capital Letter N Cedilla 0145
^N~ N Ñ a5 Capital Letter N Tilde 00D1
^n' n ń fc Small Letter N Acute 0144
^nv n ň   Small Letter N Caron 0148
^n, n ņ   Small Letter N Cedilla 0146
^n~ n ñ a4 Small Letter N Tilde 00F1
^O' O Ó d3 Capital Letter O Acute 00D3
^O) O Ŏ   Capital Letter O Breve 014E
^O^ O Ô d4 Capital Letter O Circumflex 00D4
^O" O Ö 99 Capital Letter O Diaeresis 00D6
^O: O Ő   Capital Letter O Double Acute 0150
^O` O Ò d2 Capital Letter O Grave 00D2
^O_ O Ō   Capital Letter O Macron 014C
^O/ O Ø d8 Capital Letter O Slash 00D8
^O~ O Õ d5 Capital Letter O Tilde 00D5
^O@ O Ọ   Capital Letter O Dot Below 1ECC
^o' o ó a2 Small Letter O Acute 00F3
^o) o ŏ   Small Letter O Breve 014F
^o^ o ô 93 Small Letter O Circumflex 00F4
^o" o ö 94 Small Letter O Diaeresis 00F6
^o: o ő   Small Letter O Double Acute 0151
^o` o ò 95 Small Letter O Grave 00F2
^o_ o ō   Small Letter O Macron 014D
^o/ o ø ed Small Letter O Slash 00F8
^o~ o õ f5 Small Letter O Tilde 00F5
^o@ o ọ   Small Letter O Dot Below 1ECD
^R' R Ŕ   Capital Letter R Acute 0154
^Rv R Ř   Capital Letter R Caron 0158
^R, R Ŗ   Capital Letter R Cedilla 0156
^r' r ŕ   Small Letter R Acute 0155
^rv r ř   Small Letter R Caron 0159
^r, r ŗ   Small Letter R Cedilla 0157
^S' S Ś   Capital Letter S Acute 015A
^Sv S Š c7 Capital Letter S Caron 0160
^S, S Ş   Capital Letter S Cedilla 015E
^S^ S Ŝ   Capital Letter S Circumflex 015C
^S@ S Ṣ   Capital Letter S Dot Below 1E62
^s' s ś   Small Letter S Acute 015B
^sv s š e5 Small Letter S Caron 0161
^s, s ş   Small Letter S Cedilla 015F
^s^ s ŝ   Small Letter S Circumflex 015D
^s@ s ṣ   Small Letter S Dot Below 1E63
^Tv T Ť   Capital Letter T Caron 0164
^T, T Ţ   Capital Letter T Cedilla 0162
^T- T Ŧ   Capital Letter T Stroke 0166
^tv t ť   Small Letter T Caron 0165
^t, t ţ   Small Letter T Cedilla 0163
^t- t ŧ   Small Letter T Stroke 0167
^U' U Ú da Capital Letter U Acute 00DA
^U) U Ŭ   Capital Letter U Breve 016C
^U^ U Û db Capital Letter U Circumflex 00DB
^U" U Ü 9a Capital Letter U Diaeresis 00DC
^U: U Ű   Capital Letter U Double Acute 0170
^U` U Ù d9 Capital Letter U Grave 00D9
^U_ U Ū   Capital Letter U Macron 016A
^U( U Ų   Capital Letter U Ogonek 0172
^U* U Ů   Capital Letter U Ring 016E
^U~ U Ũ   Capital Letter U Tilde 0168
^u' u ú a3 Small Letter U Acute 00FA
^u) u ŭ   Small Letter U Breve 016D
^u^ u û 96 Small Letter U Circumflex 00FB
^u" u ü 81 Small Letter U Diaeresis 00FC
^u: u ű   Small Letter U Double Acute 0171
^u` u ù 97 Small Letter U Grave 00F9
^u_ u ū   Small Letter U Macron 016B
^u( u ų   Small Letter U Ogonek 0173
^u* u ů   Small Letter U Ring 016F
^u~ u ũ   Small Letter U Tilde 0169
^W^ W Ŵ   Capital Letter W Circumflex 0174
^w^ w ŵ   Small Letter W Circumflex 0175
^Y' Y Ý dd Capital Letter Y Acute 00DD
^Y^ Y Ŷ   Capital Letter Y Circumflex 0176
^Y" Y Ÿ f4 Capital Letter Y Diaeresis 0178
^y' y ý b6 Small Letter Y Acute 00FD
^y^ y ŷ   Small Letter Y Circumflex 0177
^y" y ÿ 98 Small Letter Y Diaeresis 00FF
^Z' Z Ź   Capital Letter Z Acute 0179
^Zv Z Ž f2 Capital Letter Z Caron 017D
^Z. Z Ż   Capital Letter Z Dot 017B
^z' z ź   Small Letter Z Acute 017A
^zv z ž f3 Small Letter Z Caron 017E
^z. z ż   Small Letter Z Dot 017C
Special European Characters
^i. i ı   Small Letter Dotless I 0131
^D/ D Ð   Capital Letter Eth 00D0
^d/ d ð eb Small Letter Eth 00F0
^ss ss ß e1 Small Letter Sharp S 00DF
^TH TH Þ de Capital Letter Thorn 00DE
^th tt þ b7 Small Letter Thorn 00FE
Ligatures
^AE AE Æ 92 Capital Letter A E 00C6
^ae ae æ 91 Small Letter A E 00E6
^IJ IJ IJ   Capital Letter I J 0132
^ij ij ij   Small Letter I J 0133
^OE OE Πd1 Capital Letter O E 0152
^oe oe œ e8 Small Letter O E 0153
Mathematical Symbols
^+- +- ± f1 Plus or Minus Sign 00B1
^14 14 ¼ ac Fraction One Quarter 00BC
^12 12 ½ ab Fraction One Half 00BD
^34 34 ¾ be Fraction Three Quarters 00BE
^oo o ° f8 Degree Sign 00B0
^x. x × d7 Multiplication Sign 00D7
^:- - ÷ f6 Division Sign 00F7
^ < < < c9 Less than sign 003C
^ > > > e7 Greater than sign 003E
Punctuation
^!! ! ¡ ad Inverted Exclamation Mark 00A1
^?? ? ¿ a8 Inverted Question Mark 00BF
^c/ c ¢ 9b Cent Sign 00A2
^## # £ 9c Pound Sign 00A3
^Y= Y ¥ 9d Yen Sign 00A5
^-- - — c4 Em Dash 2014
^:. :. ∴   Therefore Sign 2234
^(C C © a9 Copyright Sign 00A9
^TM TM ™ e4 Trademark Sign 2122
^(R R ® b1 Registered Trademark Sign 00AE
^#1 1 ¹ b9 Superscript 1 00B9
^#2 2 ² fd Superscript 2 00B2
^#3 3 ³ b2 Superscript 3 00B3
^#a a ª a6 Female Ordinal Indicator 2 00AA
^#o o º a7 Male Ordinal Indicator 2 00BA
^#. . · fa Middle Dot 00B7
^.@ . • f9 Large Dot (Bullet) 2022
^<< << « ae Opening Guillemots 00AB
^>> >> » af Closing Guillemots 00BB
^E= E= € ee Euro 20AC
^Pt Pt ₧ 9e Peseta 20A7
^ff f ƒ 9f Florin sign 0192
^%0 % ‰ c6 Per Mille 2030
^us u µ e6 Micro Sign 00B5
^*x x ¤ b0 Currency Sign 00A4
^P| P ec Paragraph Sign 00B6
^,, ,, „ bb German double quote start 201E
^._ .. … bc Ellipsis 2026
^|- | † bd Dagger 2020
^|= | ‡ bf Double Dagger 2021
^|" | ¦ b3 Broken Vertical Bar 00A6
^'\ ' ‘ d6 Open Single Quote 2018
^'/ ' ’ dc Close Single Quote 2019
^"\ " “ df Open Double Quote 201C
^"/ " ” e0 Close Double Quote 201D
^-_ - – e2 En Dash 2013
Special Formatting/Internal Commands
^-s - ­ e9 Soft Hyphen 00AD
^ _     0f Non-Breaking Space 00A0
^ ^ ^ ^ c5 Spacing Circumflex 005E
^ , , ,   Non-Breaking Comma 002C
^ / / /   Non-Breaking Slash 002F
^ | | |   Non-Breaking Vertical Bar 007C
^ # # #   Non-Breaking Hash 0023
^ & & &   Non-Breaking Ampersand 0026
^ - - -   Non-Breaking Dash 002D
^ + + +   Non-Breaking Plus Sign 002B
^ ~ ~ ~ e3 Spacing Tilde 007E
^ . " ¨ fe Spacing Diaresis 00A8
^ m - ¯ ea Spacing Macron 00AF
^ ' ' ´ b4 Spacing Acute 00B4
^ c , ¸ b8 Spacing Cedilla 00B8
^[] []     Blodge n/a
^{B     02 Start/Stop Bold n/a
^{/     04 Start/Stop Italics n/a
^{_     13 Start/Stop Underlining n/a
^{^     14 Start/Stop Superscript n/a
^{v     16 Start/Stop Subscript n/a
^{-     6 Start/Stop Strikethrough n/a
^-|   ¬ aa Numeric Prefix Divider 00AC
^\\ \ § 15 Sort Title Divider 00A7