In the Shadow Fu Manchu
Written by Martin Grams, Jr.
Reprinted with Permission
“The chimes of old Big Ben, London’s historic clock, ring out. A sharp rap
on a door is heard. The door creaks and warns of a stealthy entrance. A girl
gasps and piercingly screams. A shot is fired. The Yellow Peril Incarnate
laughs terrifyingly and sends shivers through millions of listeners from coast
to coast. Dr. Fu Manchu, Mastermind of Crime, is on the air!”
Sax Rohmer’s Oriental mysteries never made
it to the top of the popularity charts, but fans of Fu Manchu can never get
enough of him. His exploits were many, but documentation about the radio series
has been cursory at best. Fu Manchu was brought to radio in five separate
incarnations.
Version #1
The first was THE COLLIER HOUR, broadcast
over the NBC Blue Network in 1927. Designed to boost magazine subscriptions,
this hour-long program was divided into segments, each dramatizing a story or
serial installment from the current issue of Collier’s.
The segments were introduced by a host called The Editor, portrayed through the
years by John B. Kennedy, Phil Barrison, and Jack Arthur. Malcolm LaPrade
created and produced the series; his brother Ernest LaPrade supplied the music
scores. Directed by Colonel Davis, this series was a mere amateur performance,
with music and sound effects improvised during rehearsals. Three separate
serials were dramatized, based on those that appeared in Collier’s:
“The Day the World Ended” (12 installments,
May 1, 1929 to July 17, 1929)
“Daughter of Fu Manchu” (12 installments,
March 9, 1930 to May 25, 1930)
“Yu’an Hee See Laughs” (12 installments,
March 1, 1931 to May 17, 1931)
Arthur Hughes played Fu Manchu (and also
doubled as host “The Editor” for a majority of these broadcasts). For the first
year, THE COLLIER HOUR was broadcast on Wednesday evenings preceding publication
of the magazine. Beginning in 1928, the program was broadcast on Sunday
evenings following publication. According to the files at NBC, Sax Rohmer
appeared in person on March 1, 1931 (often mis-credited as Mat 1, 1931), for the
premiere broadcast of “Yu’an Hee See Laughs.” It’s been suggested that “The
Emperor of America” was another 12-chapter serial, broadcast circa 1927-28, but
no information has been found to confirm it. THE COLLIER HOUR originated from
New York radio stations and was heard only on the East Coast. Luckless
listeners on the West Coast never had a chance to hear the first radio serials
of Fu Manchu.
It should also be noted that the first
three Fu Manchu novels written by Sax Rohmer, were actually compilations of
twenty-nine short stories that Rohmer wrote for Collier’s
magazine.
Version #2
By far the most ambitious Rohmer adaptation
was the second of the four series, this time recorded in the WBBM studios, and
broadcast over the CBS Chicago affiliate, WGN. On Thursday, September 15, 1932,
Sax Rohmer and his wife Elizabeth sailed from Southampton, bound for the Big
Apple. On Wednesday, September 21, the White Star line Majestic arrived in New
York port. Mr. and Mrs. Rohmer stayed at the Ritz for a few days, and went
sightseeing till Sunday the 25th, when Rohmer made one of his rare radio
appearances for a fifteen-minute interview with CBS writer Steve Trumbull. The
purpose of the interview was to publicize the radio series, which again was
heard only on the East Coast, not the West. Within weeks, the program brought
hundreds of positive letters to CBS, and a nationwide hookup was established so
that certain stations on the West Coast could carry the program.
“I am deeply interested in radio and the
dramatic technique,” Rohmer commented, “which has been enormously developed on
your [the American] side.” Rohmer claimed crime was on the increase in England
and attributed it largely to the influence of American crime and the fact that
some American criminals had transferred their activity to London. He believed
that Scotland Yard was capable enough when dealing with ordinary crimes, but
frequently ineffective when faced with organized gangs.
On Monday, September 26, FU MANCHU
MYSTERIES premiered on CBS radio, nationwide. (Unfortunately, no episodes are
known to exist of the series.) Instead of a serial, the show presented a single
30-minute adventure. The opening episode, an adaptation of Rohmer’s “The Zyatt
Kiss”, varied slightly from the rest of the series, the drama lasting only
twenty minutes instead of the customary 25. Introductory remarks and commercial
credits usually took up the remaining five minutes, but the premiere instead
featured a talk by Sax Rohmer.
Unlike the other Fu Manchu series, this one
went all out for preparation and performances. The actors had to dress in full
costume, and instead of the performance being acted out in a small sound studio,
it was performed on stage before a live audience, recorded, and later broadcast
via transcription. Sound effects were as authentic as possible. The solemn
note of Big Ben and the background traffic noises of the Thames embankment were
as true as could be, since they were actual recordings specially made and
imported from England. G. Fred Ibbett, director of radio for the
McCann-Erickson Company, and in charge of the production, would have nothing but
exact sound effects. He knew his native London, having been an engineer for the
BBC previous to his service with NBC and CBS. When Nate Caldwell, with an
option on the radio rights to Rohmer’s mystery in his pocket, convinced Mr.
Ibbett that Fu Manchu was a natural, the radio director readily agreed. Ibbett
convinced the Campana Company to sponsor the dramas, and began a diligent search
for the right actors and actresses to make Rohmer’s characters spring
realistically to life.
Most of the characters were British, with a
wide variety of types required, and the problem of finding them in Chicago was a
hard one to solve. “From all corners of the world (if you can believe a 1932
CBS press release), even far off china itself, the cast was drawn.” John C.
Daly (as Dr. Fu Manchu) spoke French, Chinese, Arabian, and Hindustani. (Note:
This was fairly common for many radio actors, as Virginia Gregg, during the
forties and fifties, doubled as old English ladies and young Chinese women in
many radio westerns.) Charles Warburton, one of the first to bring Shakespeare
to radio (as Shylock), would play the role of Nayland Smith, the Devil Doctor’s
nemesis. A few years later, Warburton returned to the New York radio studios to
star in 35 big dramatic programs, among them SHERLOCK HOLMES, ENO CRIME CLUB,
and K-7: SECRET SERVICE SPY STORY.*
* (footnote)
Oddly enough, although Warburton was signed to
play roles in these shows, one Sherlock Holmes radio expert insists that
Warburton did not act in any Holmes radio plays, but with so many radio
incarnations of the Holmes character, and so little recordings existing in
recorded form (compared to the thousands broadcast), it still remains a
possibility that Warburton did play a few roles in Holmes films.
Bob White, who played Smith’s “Watson,” Dr.
Petrie, was born in England and experienced on the stage. Betty, his wife, was
an experienced radio actress specializing in juvenile parts, and took an
unbilled role in a couple of the FU MANCHU episodes. When not excelling as
Petrie, White headed his own successful radio-producing company.
Many hours were spent daily during the week
preceding the Monday night broadcast, which took but 30 minutes air time. There
was no music for the production. Ibbett explained that “The chance of
irritating the listener, instead of creating a mood fitting the play, is too
great. I prefer to omit music which might distract from the setting.” The
actors performed their roles in costume, so that fans could attend the stage
performances and be thrilled by the spectacle of the Oriental settings. During
the early productions, Ibbett drafted plans for the scenery and lighting
effects, for the purpose of allowing the audience attending the “horror
chambers” of the criminal mastermind.
Part way through the series, John C. Daly,
(not, by the way, the John Charles Daly of television’s WHAT’S MY LINE? Fame)
was replaced by Harold Huber, and Sundra Love was replaced by Charles Manson.
In the thirties, Huber became a popular character player for Warner bros., as
well as a radio actor. He is also known to Charlie Chan fans for playing police
inspectors of various nationalities in the 20th Century Fox Chan film
series. Huber also wrote radio scripts for SUSPENSE in 1943 and 1944.
Sponsored by Campana Balm. Helen Earle and Urban Johnson supplied the sound
effects.
FU MANCHU MYSTERIES ran for a total of 31
half-hour programs, heard Monday evenings at 8:45 p.m. It lasted until April
24, 1933.
Version #3
During the thirties, the pirate commercial
radio programs transmitted from the European continent had vast English
audiences. By law, the British Broadcasting Corporation had a complete monopoly
on radio transmission within Britain, and was charged by its license holders,
and by the British Parliament, with the task of providing radio entertainment
for all tastes. Commercial radio, banned in Britain and able to operate only
from transmitters on the Continent, capitalized on this situation. With the
financial backing of sponsors such as Ponds, Colgate-Palmolive, and other large
firms, the pirate stations attracted quality writers and performers to provide
showcases for their talents, which the BBC could not match. From the inception
of their transmissions until they were closed down in the late thirties, the
pirate IBC stations in Luxembourg, Normandy, Lyons and Toulouse offered a
continuous flow of high-quality entertainment. In 1936, Radio Luxembourg
decided to feature a series of mystery adventures built around a single
character. This series would originally be written and supervised by Sax Rohmer
himself.
“Sax himself wrote the scripts during the
first half of the series,” Rohmer biographer Cay Van Ash recalled. “When the
series continued beyond his original expectations, he found it too great an
imposition on his time. He continued to write some of the scripts, but others
were written either by Elizabeth or myself. I came in on only the last six
months or so of the project. I had first met Sax in November 1935, and he had
had my education in hand for just over a year. Whether the draft scripts were
written by Elizabeth or by me, they were carefully edited afterwards by Sax, for
which reason I described the series in Master of Villainy
as the most faithful version broadcast. The adaptation was not a very difficult
job. I don’t recall that any particular selection of episodes was made. As I
remember it, we just went straight through the books in their natural sequence.
The dialogue did not require changing very much. On the other hand, we did our
utmost to avoid narration and to translate action directly into dialogue or
sound. This often required additional material, and I think we also used a
great many more sound effects than there were in the American SHADOW OF FU
MANCHU radio series.”
Frank Cochrane, who played the
Luxembourg-broadcast Fu Manchu, was a distinguished stage actor and eminently
suited to play the part. He had lived for many years in China, studying the
native habits and mental makeup. He had also played innumberable Chinese roles
on the stage. (Cochrane had won acclaim for the part of The Cobbler in the
long-running show, CHU-CHIN-CHOW.)
“Fu Manchu,” Cochrane said in a 1937
interview, “has a definite personality and a definite purpose. He is a keen wit
and possesses a quick Oriental brain. He is a demon for power and wants to mold
the world to his way of direction and thinking. The adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu
are full of unlikely happenings, which have been so well treated that they
convince the listener as being highly probable. Before settling down to listen,
I suggest you turn out the lights in the room the moment you hear the gong, and
take your mind into serious channels. This will help you enormously to catch
the illusion.”
All of the IBC recordings were produced in
London. There were no live broadcasts. It’s believed that Rohmer and the crew
recorded the shows at a disused theater. The leading light in the operation was
producer Eddie Pola, who also took part as an actor in some episodes. There was
actually a plan to follow up the 52 Fu Manchu broadcasts with a series adapted
from Rohmer’s The Quest of the Sacred Slipper
(1919), Cay Van Ash distinctly remembering having written the first two
episodes. However, the BBC exerted legal pressure to close down the rival
operation, so it came to nothing.
D.A. Clarke-Smith, a well-known stage actor
who had appeared in Rohmer’s stage plays THE EYE OF SIVA and SECRET EGYPT,
played the role of Nayland Smith. “I’m getting hardened to it now, but the
nerve strain is still almost unbelievable,” commented Clarke-Smith, as the
atmosphere in the studio grew more intense with each passing moment. “I have to
talk so fast, sic or seven prop men are grouped round another mike, to provide
the dramatic effects. And, when I’m supposed to be swimming for my life in a
swirling river, I have to try to forget that at the other mike a man is
vigorously shaking a half-filled hot-water bottle.”
The program’s producer, swift-thinking
Eddie Pola, rehearsed three radio installments in the space of two hours.
“Funniest thing, rehearsing one dramatic scene,” recalled Eddie, “was when we
came to the line, ‘Shoot the man at the window.’ The effects man fired the gun,
but it just didn’t go off. Again we repeated, ‘Shoot the man at the window.’
Again the gun refused to function. We tried again. ‘Shoot the man at the
window!’ But still the gun was silent. ‘Oh, cut his throat,’ I said. And at
that moment, the gun went off and nearly blew me out of my skin!”
“There is only one female role in DR. FU
MANCHU,” Frank Cochrane said. “This is the part of the heroine. The girl who
takes this character, Karameneh, is Rani Walker. She’s brilliant! There is a
good cast in these programs, all exceptionally good actors, and with Rani in the
only female role – who, as I have said, is excellent. It is a well-balanced
cast.”
The supporting cast who performed the
incidental character parts included Arthur Young, Mervyn Johns (father of
actress Glynis Johns), and Vernon Kelso. As was common in radio drama, the
actors often took several parts in the same episode and program, and sometimes
switched roles whenever necessary. For example, in Episode 43, Arthur Young
portrayed Dr. Fu Manchu, Inspector Weymouth, and Sir Frank Narcombe, while
Vernon Kelso took on three other parts.
With the completion of the Fu Manchu
series, Cochrane and Clarke-Smith were rated such a successful team that they
were featured in another long-running series of radio plays, this time
concerning Inspector Brooks of Scotland Yard. Clarke-Smith played the
Inspector, while Cochrane played the – perhaps inevitably – Chinese villain, La
Sante.
Version #4
In 1939, another, lengthier Fu Manchu
program was produced, probably the most popular of them all. This was a series
of 156, fifteen-minute episodes, under the overall title THE SHADOW OF FU
MANCHU. The series was recorded, transcribed, and released through Fields
Brothers in Hollywood. After the recordings were completed, all 156 episodes
were pressed and copied onto transcription discs, and distributed to radio
stations across the country. This allowed the stations to play the episodes in
any time slot they wanted. Some presented the series on Mondays, Wednesdays,
and Fridays, while others broadcast on all five weekdays.
Ted Osborne played Dr. Fu Manchu, with
Hanley Stafford as Nayland Smith, Gale Gordon as Dr. James Petrie, Paula
Winslowe as Karameneh, and Edmund O’Brien as Inspector Rymer. It has not been
confirmed whether O’Brien or Gerald Mohr was the announcer. (It was common for
radio announcers to double in an acting role, which would give credence to the
claim that it was O’Brien, but until someone turns up a recorded interview with
either actor providing that information, or can find the original scripts, cast
credits included, neither name should be taken as the gospel.) Frank Nelson and
Norman Fields played supporting roles.
40 episodes from THE SHADOW OF FU MANCHU
have definitely been floating about in circulation among collectors for the last
few decades, 39 of them were definitely the first serial in complete form. The
single out-of-sequence episode that has been in circulation was not (as many
people have assumed), episode number forty. In fact, from observation, and
narrowing down possibilities (and applying a little common sense), I suspect
that the out-of-sequence episode many people label as episode #40 is either
episode #136, 137, 138, 139, 140 or 141.
The adaptations was quite faithful to the
original books, though in the middle of the series the episodes occur in
somewhat jumbled order. From what is known so far:
Episodes #1 to #21, for example, is an
adaptation from The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu
(1913)
Episodes #22 to #27 from The Hand of
Fu Manchu (1917)
Episodes #28 to #39 from The Return
of Dr. Fu Manchu (1916)
Episodes #40 to #78 from Trail of Fu
Manchu (1934) and President of Fu Manchu
(1936)
Episodes #79 to #94 from Daughter of
Fu Manchu (1931)
Episodes #99 to #117 from Mask of Fu
Manchu (1932)
Episodes #118 to #135 from Drums of
Fu Manchu (1939)
Episodes #142 to 156 from Bride
of Fu Manchu (1933)
Many sources wrongly list the 1939-40 Fu
Manchu series as a 77 or 78 episode broadcast run. The reality is that 156 were
actually recorded and aired. Four separate serials were recorded, each 39
episodes in length, each composed of more than one Sax Rohmer story. Each
serial ran 39 consecutive installments. It’s been rumored for the past decade
that selected discs from the other three serials, episodes #40 to #156, are in
existence, but not yet released in circulation, being held on to by a
profiteering collector in Niles, Ohio. I personally tracked down and made
contact with the collector, who verified over the phone that he had come across
a huge stack of 16-inch transcription discs and, among them, were many of the
episodes from the third and fourth serials of THE SHADOW OF FU MANCHU. Neither
serial is complete. Sixteen of the thirty-nine episodes are missing from the
third serial, and fifteen of the thirty-nine episodes, from the fourth and last
serial, making only half of the episodes of each serial available.
Version #5
The fourth and final Fu Manchu broadcast
was a one-time presentation. THE MOLLE MYSTERY THEATER was an anthology series,
aired over a decade under different titles. The program featured the best in
mystery and detective stories, all adaptations of short stories, stage plays and
novels by such stalwarts as Raymond Chandler, Jack London, W.W. Jacobs, Rufus
King, and Craig Rice. On Tuesday, October 3, 1944, from 9 to 9:30 p.m., EST,
the 1913 novel, The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu
was dramatized, originating from NBC studios in New York. The program was
narrated by Roc Rogers and selected by Geoffrey Barnes (the on-the-air pseudonym
of Bernard Lenrow, who had recently played Doc Savage, Man of Bronze,
in a series that ended in June of 1943). Jack Miller supplied the music. A few
publications and web-sites incorrectly list this episode with an August 1944
broadcast date. However, the October date is official; it originates from the
original script held at NBC Studios in New York, where the MOLLE scripts are
housed.
Will Dr. Fu Manchu ever return to the radio
airwaves? Well, Sherlock Holmes does to this day, so we can only hope . . .
Closing notes:
This article originally appeared in the thirty-ninth issue of Scarlet
Street, © 2000. Reprinted with permission and
courtesy of the editors of Scarlet Street,
and the author. You can visit the magazine’s web-site and subscribe to their
quarterly mystery nostalgia magazine at: www.scarletstreet.com.
According to Gordon Payton (a.k.a. “The
Sci-Fi Guy”), In 1945, Sax Rohmer wrote a series of eight radio plays for the
BBC. Fu Manchu was a bit too politically incorrect for the BBC, in light of
England’s large Asian population, and they liked to avoid criticism from any
quarter, so Sax created for them a character named Sumuru, who, in effect, was a
female Fu Manchu. Described as “a glamorous witch of totally untraceable
nationality, heading an international crime organization which employed strange
and bizarre devices.” This aired from December 30, 1945 to February 17, 1946.
No copies survive, but Rohmer later wrote a series of five books based on his
BBC plays.
Copyright © 2002 by Martin Grams, Jr. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States Of America. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the author.
"In the
Shadow of Fu Manchu" was originally published in
Scarlet
Street #39, ©
2000.
It was later
posted with the author's permission on the
Audio
Classics Archive site maintained by Terry Salomonson.
Martin Grams has kindly given permission to
post it here as well.
